La repubblica di Genova (Repubrica de Zena /re'pybrika 'de 'ze:na/ in ligure, Respublica Genuensis in latino), ufficialmente fino al 1528 Compagna Communis Ianuensis e dal 1580 Serenissima Repubblica di Genova – nota come La Superba, La Dominante, La Dominante dei mari, La Repubblica dei magnifici – era lo Stato attraverso cui l'omonima città aveva governato quasi tutta l'odierna Liguria e altri possedimenti dal 1096 – quando si rese autonoma anche sul piano formale dal Sacro Romano Impero – al 1815 – allorché, dopo la parentesi rivoluzionaria della repubblica ligure e la temporanea ricostituzione con la caduta di Napoleone I, perse definitivamente la propria indipendenza con l'annessione al regno di Sardegna.
Dalla "Compagna Communis" ai dogi perpetui
Genova cominciò a rendersi autonoma dal Sacro Romano Impero intorno al 1096, come libero comune, partecipando poi alla prima crociata (avendo la concessione dell'uso della croce rossa nello stemma).
Inizialmente chiamata Compagna Communis, la denominazione "repubblica" fu ufficializzata solamente nel 1528 per iniziativa dell'ammiraglio Andrea Doria.
Il suo territorio fu quindi amministrato fin dal Medioevo da consoli, podestà e capitani del popolo, dal 1099 al 1339, che costituiranno le prime "versioni" statali e repubblicane: la prima, la seconda e la terza repubblica.
Al crescere di una sempre più potente repubblica marinara, però, si contrapposero nella gestione politica cittadina momenti di tensione, scontri e "voglia di potere" delle più influenti famiglie genovesi, ulteriormente divise tra fazioni guelfe, ghibelline.
Tra le casate nobiliari che di fatto si spartirono l'autorità cittadina in epoca medievale figurarono gli Adorno, i Fregoso, i Guarco, i Montaldo, i Doria, gli Spinola, i Fieschi, i Grimaldi e i Lomellini.
Solamente nel XIV secolo nella repubblica di Genova fu attuata una riforma governativa di tipo oligarchico – la cosiddetta "quarta repubblica" – che con i primi dogi eletti a vita (il primo fu, il 23 settembre 1339, Simone Boccanegra) s'alternarono anche interessi verso il ducato di Milano (ai Visconti prima e agli Sforza poi) e ai sovrani francesi Carlo VI, Carlo VII, Luigi XII e Francesco I.
In queste fasi storiche – dove, di fatto, le dedizioni della repubblica si trasformarono politicamente in vere e proprie dominazioni straniere pur conservando una debole autonomia territoriale – alla guida dello Stato subentrarono governatori e luogotenenti in maggioranza non liguri, ma anche genovesi con le nomine di quegli esponenti nobiliari considerati "vicini" alla potestà vigente, addirittura ex dogi a vita che per "responsabilità di stato" o per ambizione personale scelsero di rinunciare al loro dogato e di fatto consegnare più volte la repubblica ai menzionati Stati; una caratteristica che legò tre dogi della famiglia Adorno (Antoniotto I, Antoniotto II e Prospero) e due Fregoso (Paolo e Ottaviano).
Genova cominciò a rendersi autonoma dal Sacro Romano Impero intorno al 1096, come libero comune, partecipando poi alla prima crociata (avendo la concessione dell'uso della croce rossa nello stemma).
Inizialmente chiamata Compagna Communis, la denominazione "repubblica" fu ufficializzata solamente nel 1528 per iniziativa dell'ammiraglio Andrea Doria.
Il suo territorio fu quindi amministrato fin dal Medioevo da consoli, podestà e capitani del popolo, dal 1099 al 1339, che costituiranno le prime "versioni" statali e repubblicane: la prima, la seconda e la terza repubblica.
Al crescere di una sempre più potente repubblica marinara, però, si contrapposero nella gestione politica cittadina momenti di tensione, scontri e "voglia di potere" delle più influenti famiglie genovesi, ulteriormente divise tra fazioni guelfe, ghibelline.
Tra le casate nobiliari che di fatto si spartirono l'autorità cittadina in epoca medievale figurarono gli Adorno, i Fregoso, i Guarco, i Montaldo, i Doria, gli Spinola, i Fieschi, i Grimaldi e i Lomellini.
Solamente nel XIV secolo nella repubblica di Genova fu attuata una riforma governativa di tipo oligarchico – la cosiddetta "quarta repubblica" – che con i primi dogi eletti a vita (il primo fu, il 23 settembre 1339, Simone Boccanegra) s'alternarono anche interessi verso il ducato di Milano (ai Visconti prima e agli Sforza poi) e ai sovrani francesi Carlo VI, Carlo VII, Luigi XII e Francesco I.
In queste fasi storiche – dove, di fatto, le dedizioni della repubblica si trasformarono politicamente in vere e proprie dominazioni straniere pur conservando una debole autonomia territoriale – alla guida dello Stato subentrarono governatori e luogotenenti in maggioranza non liguri, ma anche genovesi con le nomine di quegli esponenti nobiliari considerati "vicini" alla potestà vigente, addirittura ex dogi a vita che per "responsabilità di stato" o per ambizione personale scelsero di rinunciare al loro dogato e di fatto consegnare più volte la repubblica ai menzionati Stati; una caratteristica che legò tre dogi della famiglia Adorno (Antoniotto I, Antoniotto II e Prospero) e due Fregoso (Paolo e Ottaviano).
Le riforme del 1528, del 1576 e i dogi biennali
Fu l'ammiraglio onegliese Andrea Doria a dare una svolta politica e storica con un radicale cambiamento della struttura di uno Stato che, dopo l'ennesima sottomissione alla Francia, nel 1528 conobbe una nuova indipendenza e soprattutto stabilità con l'accordo delle 250 famiglie più potenti della repubblica.
La "riforma nuova" del 1528 aumentò a 28 il numero degli "alberghi nobiliari" con l'ingresso di nuove casate genovesi affiliate, alle più importanti e storiche stirpi, causa della doppia denominazione del cognome di molti dogi; l'istituzione del maggior e minor consiglio della repubblica (il maggior, detto anche gran consiglio era quello che, di fatto, eleggeva il nuovo doge tramite votazione a maggioranza tra una rosa di candidati) con un nuovo sistema di elezione e di alternanza dei vari membri dei due consigli (la nota estrazione a sorte tramite bussolotti); nascita, revisione e ruoli di alcune figure istituzionali quali senatori, procuratori e supremi sindacatori utili sia alla "macchina dello stato" che per il lavoro amministrativo e legislativo del doge.
Altra importante riforma, oltre all'elezione dogale, fu quella del mandato che da perpetuo divenne biennale: un nuovo sistema aristocratico e dell'alternanza tra le due principali nobiltà "vecchia" e "nuova" che fu alla base della "quinta repubblica", l'ultima.
Successive riforme nel 1547 (dopo la congiura dei Fieschi) e nel 1576 porteranno a minori modifiche dell'istituzione dogale (l'alternanza e il mandato biennale furono però mantenuti) che accompagnarono nei due secoli successivi una repubblica di Genova al suo massimo splendore, in un clima politico interno equilibrato; meno stabile, invece, quello di politica estera (gli scontri bellici con il ducato di Savoia nel corso del Seicento, il bombardamento navale francese del 1684 e i moti rivoluzionari legati alla guerra di successione austriaca della prima metà del Settecento), al fine di conseguire neutralità e indipendenza economica rispetto alle due maggiori potenze europee quali la Francia e la Spagna.
Fu l'ammiraglio onegliese Andrea Doria a dare una svolta politica e storica con un radicale cambiamento della struttura di uno Stato che, dopo l'ennesima sottomissione alla Francia, nel 1528 conobbe una nuova indipendenza e soprattutto stabilità con l'accordo delle 250 famiglie più potenti della repubblica.
La "riforma nuova" del 1528 aumentò a 28 il numero degli "alberghi nobiliari" con l'ingresso di nuove casate genovesi affiliate, alle più importanti e storiche stirpi, causa della doppia denominazione del cognome di molti dogi; l'istituzione del maggior e minor consiglio della repubblica (il maggior, detto anche gran consiglio era quello che, di fatto, eleggeva il nuovo doge tramite votazione a maggioranza tra una rosa di candidati) con un nuovo sistema di elezione e di alternanza dei vari membri dei due consigli (la nota estrazione a sorte tramite bussolotti); nascita, revisione e ruoli di alcune figure istituzionali quali senatori, procuratori e supremi sindacatori utili sia alla "macchina dello stato" che per il lavoro amministrativo e legislativo del doge.
Altra importante riforma, oltre all'elezione dogale, fu quella del mandato che da perpetuo divenne biennale: un nuovo sistema aristocratico e dell'alternanza tra le due principali nobiltà "vecchia" e "nuova" che fu alla base della "quinta repubblica", l'ultima.
Successive riforme nel 1547 (dopo la congiura dei Fieschi) e nel 1576 porteranno a minori modifiche dell'istituzione dogale (l'alternanza e il mandato biennale furono però mantenuti) che accompagnarono nei due secoli successivi una repubblica di Genova al suo massimo splendore, in un clima politico interno equilibrato; meno stabile, invece, quello di politica estera (gli scontri bellici con il ducato di Savoia nel corso del Seicento, il bombardamento navale francese del 1684 e i moti rivoluzionari legati alla guerra di successione austriaca della prima metà del Settecento), al fine di conseguire neutralità e indipendenza economica rispetto alle due maggiori potenze europee quali la Francia e la Spagna.
La caduta nel 1797 e la breve rinascita del 1814
Già nel 1794-1795 gli echi rivoluzionari provenienti dalla Francia giunsero a Genova, anche grazie a propagandisti e fuoriusciti genovesi riparati nel vicino Stato d'oltralpe, e proprio nel 1794 fu sventata una cospirazione contro la classe dirigente aristocratica e ancora oligarchica che, di fatto, già si preparava nei palazzi genovesi del potere.
Fu però nel maggio del 1797 che l'intento dei giacobini genovesi e di cittadini francesi di rovesciare il governo del doge Giacomo Maria Brignole prese corpo dando vita nelle strade ad una guerra fratricida tra oppositori e sostenitori popolari al sistema dogale vigente.
Il diretto intervento del generale Napoleone Bonaparte e dei suoi rappresentanti a Genova fu l'atto finale che portò alla caduta della repubblica nei primi giorni di giugno e alla nascita della repubblica ligure dal 14 giugno 1797.
Quest'ultima, nel giugno 1805, passò sotto il napoleonico Primo Impero francese.
Con la caduta dell'imperatore corso, e il successivo Congresso di Vienna, Genova riconquistò un'effimera indipendenza, col nome di repubblica genovese, durata meno di un anno.
Il congresso stabilì l'annessione dei territori – e quindi della Liguria intera con l'Oltregiogo e l'isola di Capraia – al regno di Sardegna, governato dalla casata reale dei Savoia.
Già nel 1794-1795 gli echi rivoluzionari provenienti dalla Francia giunsero a Genova, anche grazie a propagandisti e fuoriusciti genovesi riparati nel vicino Stato d'oltralpe, e proprio nel 1794 fu sventata una cospirazione contro la classe dirigente aristocratica e ancora oligarchica che, di fatto, già si preparava nei palazzi genovesi del potere.
Fu però nel maggio del 1797 che l'intento dei giacobini genovesi e di cittadini francesi di rovesciare il governo del doge Giacomo Maria Brignole prese corpo dando vita nelle strade ad una guerra fratricida tra oppositori e sostenitori popolari al sistema dogale vigente.
Il diretto intervento del generale Napoleone Bonaparte e dei suoi rappresentanti a Genova fu l'atto finale che portò alla caduta della repubblica nei primi giorni di giugno e alla nascita della repubblica ligure dal 14 giugno 1797.
Quest'ultima, nel giugno 1805, passò sotto il napoleonico Primo Impero francese.
Con la caduta dell'imperatore corso, e il successivo Congresso di Vienna, Genova riconquistò un'effimera indipendenza, col nome di repubblica genovese, durata meno di un anno.
Il congresso stabilì l'annessione dei territori – e quindi della Liguria intera con l'Oltregiogo e l'isola di Capraia – al regno di Sardegna, governato dalla casata reale dei Savoia.
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